Banking Restructuring ? Lessons for Georgia
Restructuring: concept, goal and contest. Termini restructuring is of Latin origin and means changing-improvement of the structure of some object or system, i.e. its forms and consistence (morphology). It basically means unchanged character of directions of its functioning. They use restructuring from large plan in the economical texts mostly with debts, including foreign ones, payments and taxation (trade) balance, corporation sector of the economy and of separate enterprises, of banking system entirely and separate banks (other credit organizations).
They define “restructuring” in legislation in the following way: restructuring of credit organization is a complex of activities directed towards eradication of financial fluctuations of the organization and recovering its pay abilities or towards realization of liquidity of this organization. This definition doesn’t make needed opinion about the occasion to be discussed, as, in the first place, here they mean only separate credit organizations and not banking system itself, and, second, it has very technical character and mixes the essence and contest of the process of restructuring with the activities, which may (or must) be realized in this process.
Thus, there is not common, widely excepted definition of restructuring, though majority agrees with the idea, that we must consider restructuring to be readjustment of (cure) of banking system and its taking out of the crisis phase, also its returning to the conditions of good labor abilities. They sometimes use termini of “stabilization of banking system”, but we consider it to be comfortable. The fact is, that achieving stability may be provided in various ways, including the one of liquidating whole system. There is another point of view, that they consider restructuring to be the process for overcoming difficulties, appeared during the crisis. This point of view is not quite fluent.
Thinking of the essence of the affair and not its definition, hen we must consider in reconstruction of banking system as a process – totality of decisions and actions. Its basic elements are:
eradication and minimization of negative influence of bad macro-economic, political and other common factors upon situation and perspectives of functioning of banking system; improving systemic organization (structure, kinds, types) of totality of credit organizations, creation of conditions for effective and civil competition among them; improving legislative base for mutual-advantage collaboration and organization-economic mechanisms among credit organizations and their clients; increasing quality of managing entire banking system and its separate elements; financial cure of separate banks and other credit organizations; effective (with minimal social experiences) liquidation of vital credit organizations.
Foreseeing these elements, we can state following definition: restructuring banking system in managed process of its global readjustment (improvement), supported by changing in industrial, cash, taxation, budgetary and information policy, also in the policy of the banks themselves, and which is directed towards formation of banking system adequate to effective, trustful and dynamically developed modern requests.
According to this definition, restructuring effective, stabile and healthy banking system in not needed (though, it is possible to improve or reform it). Thus, restructuring is a cure (curing something that is not healthy), i.e. restructuring may be understood and must be understood to be the process, with the help of which banking system of concrete country transit to the new level of development. It is also evident, that restructuring is curing of such systems, which are in crises and can not get out of it without help. Finally, from the point of restructuring (privately displaying necessity of financial curing) we must discuss absolutely every bank. In this case, restructuring, as a process of readjustment, seems to have its own instrumentation, which will not be bounded only with the instruments of ordinal procedure banking management?
According to the mentioned above, we can make main goal of restructuring process of banking system – its recovery and taking its movement to the relatively new trajectory, at which it already gains earlier lost potential of progressive development and becomes adequate to the real sector of the economy again.
In relation with this, we must pay attention to the following principle requests towards the context of the process to be discussed: activities provided in relation to the restructuring will be profitable only in case, if we foresee not only reasons of banking crisis, but also define those fundamental; defects of economical relations, which make banking system viable at the modern stage; restructuring of banking system, which, in fact, must give rise to its reanimation in the earlier condition, doesn’t solve problems neither of whole system, nor of the country economy; it is necessary to process not only tactical activities before starting the process of restructuring, but also to set strategic objects: to receive such structure of banking, which will be adequate to the goals and functions standing towards the banks at the new stage;
while processing activities of reforming banking system they must clearly define a circle of those problems, which must be solved during the process of reforming with the help of renewed banking system and they must set the price of activities;
effective restructuring requests combined methods of approaches towards the problems. World practice processed principles and methods of approaches of solving banking crisis, approbation of which showed their sufficient effectiveness. It is nonprofessional and not expedient to use some principles and refusing others;
a process of solving crisis may not be fast, simple or cheap.
Th8is common goal, mentioned above, in its turn, may be concreted into the list of those problems, working at which must form real concept of restructuring process according to the conditions in modern Georgia:
eradication of conditions provoking banking crisis, solving problems in relation with banking sphere and real sector; financial curing of those problematic banks, which have kept viability and perspectives of development, also state support of those banks, which have abilities of effective usage of this aid; providing trustful satisfaction of basic current requests on bank services (payments and short-termed crediting) of the industrial subjects; foundation of a new, more complete structure of banks and other credit organizations (according to the forms, measures of the property, regional distribution and so on); Creation of more complete rules and instruments regulating new rules of banking activities and of this activities; Creation of conditions. Mechanisms and stimuli for turning banks to the side of enterprises, for their involving into the process of further production, also overcoming inflexibility of the banks in the process of solving investment problems; Recovering trustfulness among banks; Recovering trustfulness in relation with the banking system, appearing stimuli among population for putting their savings on the accounts; Creation of the stimuli for increasing responsibilities and effectiveness of the bank managers; Civilly closing of not viable banks and fulfillment of the mechanisms of their liquidation.
There is an idea about the fact, that main goal of restructuring banking system is recapitalization of the banks (recovering lost a capital and its further growth), but it is not quite correct: since today the hardest problem is, that a spectra of profitableness and trustfulness of capital investment is very tight.
Some bankers offer such understanding of restructuring and such pragmatic activities of radical reforming of banking system, the essence of which finally has been brought to the regrouping of the almost bankrupted banks according to the principles of specialization (specialized banks working in the country scale, banks oriented towards export or those obligated in the groups of large enterprises, also regional banks). they meant, that new “system forming” groups would obey to the strict control of appropriate governmental structures or groups of enterprises, in exchange of it, it will have right for working on budgetary resources. Suggestions of separate bankers were not related with the problems of recovering whole banking system.
We can form basic problems of restructuring banking system in the following way:
Transiting to the foundation of a healthy market banking system by readjustment of separate problematic banks, providing structural reform of banking system;
Increasing whole capital of banks and filling banking system with long-termed resources;
Creation conditions stimulating growth of the quality of market commercial banks, including those in the regions.
Main goal of restructuring program must be: creating such layer of technological market commercial banks, which provides marketing policy and makes basic profit from credit-operations. It is interesting, that within the bound of 2-3 years program share of such capital in the banking system may reach up to 30-40%, and credit share in the credit portfolio of banking system – 30%. Share of profit made from crediting in whole income of banking system must not be less, than 6%. Half of such healthy banks must still function in the regions.
The concept of those first steps, which must make foundation to the realization of effective program of restructuring banking system, must be formed in this way:
processing a conception of developing banking system and its taking as a manual 2-3 years earlier; consisting a program on working at the passed liabilities and its realization;We mean that a special state organ working
Tags: Banking, Georgia, Lessons, Restructuring